Archives of Ecotoxicology

Molecular profiles of retrotransposon based length polymorphism in Amarathus cruentus L. variety Pribina grown under cadmium treatment

Jana Žiarovská — 2024-06-29

During evolution, plants have developed complex mechanisms to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. Studying the interactions between heavy metals and plants, especially at the molecular-genetic level, helps to understand the accumulation of heavy metals in plants and their resistance to heavy metal-induced stress. The impact of cadmium toxicity of genomic instability and polymorphism generated by retrotransposons on Amaranthus spp. Is unknown. Here, five different markers of primer binding sites of retrotransposons were used to analyse the fingerprints generated by them for the changes in Amaranthus cruentus L. of the Pribina variety growing under the stress of cadmium in the growth medium. Polymorphic profiles were obtained for all of them and both, deletions and insertions, were obtained in the fingerprints of treated plants.

Effect of diethyl phthalate and lead leached from PVC water pipes in densely populated neighborhood of Lagos on Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Olusegun Isaac Adegboye — 2024-06-29

ABSTRACT

Background: This study investigates the possibility of PVC pipes leaching into municipal water and the effects of the amount leachates such as diethyl phthalates and lead on liver and kidney of Wistar rats.

Methods: Water samples were collected from two separate PVC pipes distributing water aged 10 and 2 years respectively from two households in Akoka, Yaba area of Lagos State. Sixteen Wistar rats each (sex ratio 1:1) were orally administered 0.079mg/L of lead, 0.57μl/L of diethyl phthalate and a mixture of lead and diethyl phthalate using the same dosage in water. For control, Sixteen Wistar rats with the same sex ratio were orally administered deionized water. Using the Dunnett's multiple comparisons test, control population were compare with treated population for the third and sixth week, the results showed a significant difference between the treatments and control model animal (P <0.05).

Results: Water analysis showed higher concentration of lead (0.079mg/L) and diethyl phthalate (0.57μl/L) in the 10-year-old pipe than the 2-year-old pipe with 0.069mg/L and 0.034μl/L of lead and diethyl phthalate, respectively. The level of phthalate was 17 times higher in old pipes than the new ones. Blood biochemistry and hematology analyzed. Histopathological studies done on the liver and kidney of the rats. The levels of aspartate transferase (AST) (129±2mg/dL), protein (90.67±1.53mg/dL), total bilirubin (44.33±1.15mg/dL), and globulin (54.33±1.15mg/dL) in the serum were highest in rats which suggest hyper-toxicity and possible organ failure.

Conclusion: Liver and kidney problem in Nigeria might connected with drinking water contaminated with PVC pipes leachates.

Keywords: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), lead, diethyl phthalates, drinking water, leachates

The influence of toxic advanced glycation end-products (TAGEs) on the development of diabetic nephropathy

Patricia Simkova — 2024-06-29

Acquired blindness, end-stage renal failure, accelerated atherosclerosis, and other neuropathies are all primarily caused by diabetic complications. Through a variety of metabolic disturbances, chronic hyperglycaemia plays a primary role in the ethiology of diabetic micro- and macrovascular problems. The synthesis of several kinds of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was enhanced by high glucose. It was recently shown that AGEs (AGE-2) produced from glyceraldehyde are crucial to the pathophysiology of angiopathy in diabetic individuals. The receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which is present on a variety of cell types in diabetes-affected cells, is of great interest. According to recent research, the interaction between RAGE and AGE-2, which is primarily the structure of toxic AGEs or TAGE, can change gene expression, intracellular signalling, the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), all of which are factors in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications. The pathophysiology of diabetic complications involves factors such as gene expression, intracellular signalling, the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent research indicates that the interaction between RAGE and AGE-2, which is primarily the structure of toxic AGEs or TAGE, can affect these processes.

Microbial Pesticides and Inoculants Production - A Promising Technology to Chemical Pesticides

Ifeanyi Boniface Ezea — 2024-06-29

The conventional agrochemical pesticides tend to be broad-spectrum products that impact many different kinds of organisms. These products allow farmers to control numerous pests with one agrochemical, but can also negatively impact other non-harmful species in the environment. Conventional chemical pesticides can also cause environmental pollution because of the residual chemical. Therefore, Microbial pesticides use microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans and yeasts. Microbes use the toxic metabolites produced to destroy and prevent the growth of pests.They also tend to decompose quickly and leave fewer residues on food and in the environment. Microbial pesticides tend to be highly targeted to specific pests. Because they are so targeted, they are generally considered to be more environmentally friendly than synthetic agrochemicals. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a bacteria that is frequently employed as a microbial pesticide comes in a variety of strains and subspecies, and each one is capable of killing a single insect or a small number of closely related insect species while remaining harmless to other creatures (including people and animals). Nevertheless, this review discusses the media for microbial pesticide production, use of organic and inorganic carriers for microbial pesticide production, inoculation of the substrate for microbial pesticide production, use of microorganisms as microbial pesticides, culture techniques for microbial pesticides, and inoculants production, as well as the benefits of microbial pesticides over chemical pesticides.

Current approaches and techniques of 3D cell culture systems: a review

Lucia Zuščíková — 2024-06-29

Presently, the majority of cells are cultivated by two-dimensional (2D) methods; however, latest and enhanced procedures employing three-dimensional (3D) cell culturing techniques provide strong indications that significantly more sophisticated studies can be carried out, providing invaluable insights. Recent years have seen a rapid development of 3D cell cultures since cells grown in a static environment on a flat substrate are far from reaching an in vivo condition. Currently, scientists are gradually realising that in vitro cell shape, structure, and physiological activities may be achieved. As a resolution, a three-dimensional matrix-like framework for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and communication in both static and dynamic culture conditions is what three-dimensional cell carriers have gradually come to offer. Different mechanical stimulations that more closely resemble the genuine in vivo microenvironment could be the main function of 3D cell carriers in dynamic culture systems. Current developments in 3D dynamic cell culture techniques have been presented in this review, along with a discussion of their benefits and drawbacks when compared to conventional 2D cell growth under static settings.