Current approaches and techniques of 3D cell culture systems: a review

Abstract

Presently, the majority of cells are cultivated by two-dimensional (2D) methods; however, latest and enhanced procedures employing three-dimensional (3D) cell culturing techniques provide strong indications that significantly more sophisticated studies can be carried out, providing invaluable insights. Recent years have seen a rapid development of 3D cell cultures since cells grown in a static environment on a flat substrate are far from reaching an in vivo condition. Currently, scientists are gradually realising that in vitro cell shape, structure, and physiological activities may be achieved. As a resolution, a three-dimensional matrix-like framework for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and communication in both static and dynamic culture conditions is what three-dimensional cell carriers have gradually come to offer. Different mechanical stimulations that more closely resemble the genuine in vivo microenvironment could be the main function of 3D cell carriers in dynamic culture systems. Current developments in 3D dynamic cell culture techniques have been presented in this review, along with a discussion of their benefits and drawbacks when compared to conventional 2D cell growth under static settings.